Lg Institutional Sales

In a bid to expand the market and boost sales, LG Electronics Ltd. identified institutional sales as a focus area in the calendar year 1999. It plans to triple the target turnover to Rs. 150 crores from institutional sales. LG has made its institutional sales strategy by identifying and proactively targeting five different segments to push the LG range: brand promotions; the welfare segment (factory workers and office staff); government sector; direct users (hospitals, hotels); and the canteen stores departments (CSD) of the armed forces. A distinct strategy has been tailored for each of the five segments.In brand promotions for example, the perceived value of the products given as gifts is important, whereas for the welfare segment aspirational value, convenience and easy financing are prime factors. Meanwhile, hotels represent a price sensitive segment requiring specially customized products. Welfare: In this segment, LG is targeting a consumer base – the aspirational consum er, mostly factory staff – that most companies ignore, but which has considerable clout in terms of generating volumes. This segment is being targeted on the convenience and easy finance platform. LG has just tied up with Birla Global Finance Ltd. part of the Aditya Birla Group, for the purpose. Under the tie-up, LG will unit-wise cover all the Birla companies. This amounts to over two lakh employees. This is a lucrative segment, claims LG, because of the high hit-rate; out of a potential base of 1,000 factory workers, there is an assured sale of at least 10 to 20 percent. Hotel Segment: In this segment, LG is targeting the five-star and middle-level hotels (50 – 110 rooms) by offering customized products. For example, LG offers a special ‘hotel-mode TV' model with an auto volume leveler, which ensures that other guests are not disturbed.Another attraction for hotels is the cricket game TV model that would also prove to be popular and an interactive option with I nternet, video/audio or room service menu facilities. LG claims to have sent out mailers to 1,200 hotels – and bagged at least 100 orders, besides the ‘Palace on Wheels' luxury train, for providing TV sets in its 52 cabins. Now, LG is reading a range of interactive televisions for this segment, offering remote-controlled features like: the hotel menu, local facilities, billing-room service, video on demand, internet, multilingual options.Canteens and the Government Sector: â€Å"We are perhaps the only company offering our entire range of products in CSD canteens,† feels the product manager, of LG. In the government sector, which operates through tenders, significant orders so far included an order for 200 TVs for Himachal Tourism bungalows in the State and over 2,000 TVs for primary schools in rural areas in Maharashtra. The company has a five-member Institutional Sales Division, with each devoted exclusively to one segment.It has 50 institutional sales dealers and a ring of sales representatives when interact with the dealers and conduct demonstrations when needed. Its infrastructure consists of 20 mobile vans with glass windows to display the product range. These vans cover at least 500 km every month in both rural and urban markets. Questions: (a) Do you think such a field sales force is adequate to harness the market potential in the Institutional market? (b) Would you recommend focusing on one or two segments out of the given five? Justify your answer.

Ww1 Trench Warfare

Nature of Life in the Trenches The nature of life in the trenches was a dangerous place. It was a place for the dead or for the survivors. Trenches were a front line which was dug metres underground, inside the trenches, were supplies, training areas, stores and mainly headquarters. The trenches were the main area to store arms of artillery and mortars. Life was hell for soldiers. Bearing the pain they went through, the diseases, the infections, the bad conditions living in, having to deal with sickness, all these illnesses became worse in the long run as soldiers ceased from them.The whole idea of the trenches was to gain and to give protection from enemy lines who would want to attack their enemies once seen, so trenches were a good hiding spot hence other various reasons as well. September 1914 was when trench warfare began and ended in August 1918. In the area of the River Somme on the Western Front, the ground is deathly and is easily tunnelled. The trench sides would dissolve e asily after rain so the ideas would have to be changed and wood, sandbags or any other suitable material would have to be a substitute of dirt.Trenches were never built to be straight for a reason, in case an enemy ever jumped into the trench they could have point blank shot of everyone hiding inside it, whereas, trenches were built in a zigzag form to avoid quick target shots from enemies. The living conditions in the trenches were unbearable. In order to minimise the risk of trench foot (a disease on the feet) they would have to build duckboards on the bottom of trenches to clear the mud and faeces at the bottom. The health risk was very severe and was a maximised hazard of death as the unhygienic smell can affect the body.The weather was a big factor in the trenches, temperatures down to less than 10 degrees Celsius was made impossible for soldiers to cope while sleeping or doing any activity. Diseases such as frost bites could occur as well as exposure and trench foot. Uses of s econdary weapons were used in the war as well as fire weaponry. Secondary weapons such as grenades, bombs, gas bombs, and much more were used and it was effective at long and short range targets. Gas masks were used continually due to the gas mixing with the air and making it hard to breathe so gas masks were introduced to protect the face from burnt skin as well as inhaling it.The main diseases caught while in trenches were trench foot, shell shock, blindness from mustard gas, snakes, infected rats, grenades, bombs, colds from low temperatures, frost bite, gangrene, body lice was a main disease maker as it irritated soldiers to itch numerous times of the day and that would cause infectious diseases on skin and could be caught off one another, the insufferable conditions, stench from rotting bodies, self-inflicting punishments and as well as suicide due to the trauma and depression. Body lice were a main factor in the trenches.It brought upon soldiers infections, high fevers, diseas es and probably death. Lice would stay on the body throughout the whole day and eat at the flesh and irritate soldiers, they would have to itch and itch and itch continuously in order to get the irritation feeling away. The aftermath would leave redness, bad smells, trench fever, first symptoms and shooting pains around the body and high illnesses. Many of the other diseases were much similar to lice and the treatment was similar was well but some things did differ, such as the kind of sickness, disease and the way the â€Å"infection† was going to affect the soldier.Mud affected the body as well as their existence, what they ate, what they were wearing and how they breathed. Mud was an enemy and misery to soldiers. Trench foot was a painful swelling of the feet caused by constant absorption in water. Some cases, toes could rot off and that can lead to gangrene and that can be led to amputation. Rats were known as â€Å"trench rats† because they were sizes of small dog s. Rats would consume food that was left on the ground as well as fresh food and take all food supplies which would then be limited for soldiers the next day or so.Rats were also good humour for the soldiers as they would attract it to food and shoot them once they seem them and hang them as a â€Å"trophy†. Gas gangrene was an easy target for many soldiers, the least of their problems were rats. They had to survive and live to continue the war, they couldn’t afford to inhale dangerous gases and die instantly. If the gas was ever inhaled, it would destroy the tissue inside the human body and the body will decay gradually and disintegrate. Gas masks were then produced.The cold fell to temperature of minus Forty degrees Celsius; nevertheless, trenches had temperature of minus Fifteen degrees Celsius. Soldiers had to manage with the cold, hard to believe, it was worse than lice. The cold made it impossible to sleep. Frostbite affected many men and frequently directed to i nfection, decomposition and later on, amputation, along with hypothermia. In addition the infections led to boils, impetigo (a contagious skin disease caused by streptococcal bacteria, forming pustules and yellow sores), ulcers, hypothermia, frostbite, gangrene and amputation.There were many psychological effects that were put onto soldiers such as trauma, shell shock, tics, a feeling of disillusionment and a growing sense of distrust of political leaders. The effects led to long term effects which made them think about the past most of their lives and that caused controversy to war officials. In conclusion, life in the trenches was difficult and distressing. Soldiers sacrificed their life to create peace in the world but it continued unfortunately. As oppose to all the past dramatic effects on soldiers, they had to live with it their whole lives, having to go through long or short term effects.

Gender’s Role: Criminal Justice Essay

Since the time that laws came to exist their purpose was to set the standards for common citizens to follow and abide by. In this gender has always played a vital role whether it was good or bad it changed our criminal justice system as a whole and helped develop it. In this paper it will explain the issues using data on male and female offenders in the past as well our present today. Before I begin this essay the differences between men and women are most often divided into two groupings: gender differences and sex differences. Gender differences are those that are ascribed by society that relate to expected social roles whereas sex differences are biological differences. Most of the differences recognized by society, between men and women, are gender differences that are not biologically determined. Unfortunately these socially constructed differences are entrenched largely in inequality. In fact most, if not all organizational structures, including the United States criminal justice system is gendered, meaning that they are rooted in discrimination between the sexes. More often than not, if an organization or any other analytical unit is gendered, then gender is not simply an addition to ongoing processes that are gender neutral. Fundamental in this distinction between sex and gender are the notions of patriarchy and sexism. Sexism refers to the oppressive attitudes and behaviors directed at either sex; it is discrimination or prejudice based on gender. However, these discriminations, prejudices and negative behavior and attitudes based on sex and gender have been historically aimed at women. Patriarchy on the other hand refers to a social, legal and political climate that values male dominance and hierarchy. Central to the patriarchal ideology is the belief that women’s nature is biologically, not culturally, determined. What many may identify as gender differences, such as the idea that women are natures and mothers, are often defined as sex differences by the patriarchy. Although the modern day patriarchal social structure is not as powerful as it once was, the state still operates from a man’s standpoint. The laws are consistent with men’s experiences and viewpoints. Men are often the ones studied as non-gendered subjects, in criminology, as in other disciplines, it is men, not women, who supply the essential standard case. Men, themselves, are not compared with others to see what makes them specific and different. Patriarchy then remains as part of a defining quality of culture and society and thus criminology and criminal justice. This patriarchal oppression is causing many, feminists and otherwise to advocate for â€Å"feminist or woman’s law in order to â€Å"describe, explain and understand women’s legal positions, especially for the purpose of improving women’s positions in the law and society. Now that we have a better understanding we can continue on with this persuasive essay. Treatment through criminal justice can have it pros and cons for male and female. The good point of views can be looked at in multiple ways in the eyes of the beholder. Statistics indicate that men are more likely to commit crime than women. For example, in 2002 80% of known offenders 481,000 were men. As there are a number of problems with the reliability and validity of statistics, an alternative to information are self-report studies. Sex role theory: this theory argues that boys and girls are socialized differently, therefore resulting in boys becoming more delinquent. There are different versions of this theory. Edwin Sutherland 1949 stated that there are clear gender differences when it comes to socialization. Firstly, girls are more supervised and more strictly controlled. Secondly, boys are encouraged to take risks and to be tough and aggressive. Therefore, boys have more of an opportunity and an inclination to commit crime. Talcott Parsons 1995 believes that there are clear and obvious gender roles within the nuclear family. The father performs roles which show him to be more of the leader and provider, whilst the mother performs the expressive role of giving emotional support and socializing children. These roles are rooted from the birth of their children as mothers have to give birth and nurse children. Girls have a readily available female role model at home (their mother) whereas boys have less access to their male role model as traditionally the father was out at work for most of the time. Boys will be socialized largely by their mother and will tend to reject behavior that is seen as feminine as they compulsively pursue masculinity. Because of the emphasis on toughness and aggression this encourages anti-social behavior and delinquency. I believe that gender should not play a significant role in treatment through criminal justice. I say this because we live in a world were male and female should be equal. It has changed since back in the day of the 1900th were mostly men has more power than women. There are certain things that women can do that men can’t that is why women are put in some places were men might seem too assertive or might not be so compassionate and vice versa. I think this is why women can be elected and have great careers that they didn’t have before. Now I do think it is unfair that women sometimes get a smaller sentence then a man when it comes to committing a crime. I think this the case because women possess certain things that a man doesn’t so does that make it right I think not. This can be looked at many different views but if we are created equally and are equal why should this be. In conclusion through this essay we can interpret how gender should not play a role in criminal justice process. It is so that we do not have to relate to the past or anything that a man has that woman doesn’t. This so because we all are created equal and have the same rights so why should gender matter.

Instructional Design and Program Evaluation Essay

Instructional Design and Program Evaluation - Essay Example A review of the literature in online learning revealed critical strategies for effective teaching practices (Palloff & Pratt, 1999 & 2000; Graham, C., Kursat. C., Byung-Ro, L., et al.   2001; Lewis, L., Farris, E., Snow, K., & Levine, D. 1999; Candiotti & Clarke, 1998; Schrum & Berge, 1998; Ladon, E. H., 2002). According to the literature, an effective instructor should focus on many factors in order to create a successful online learning environment. The following are instructor characteristics that are synthesized from the aforementioned scholars: accept the value of facilitated learning as equal to that of the traditional model; demonstrate a broad base of life experiences in addition to academic credentials; possess characteristics of openness, concern, flexibility, and sincerity; feel comfortable communicating in writing; want to introduce critical thinking into the learning process; possess the appropriate credentials to teach the subject matter; be experienced and well train ed in online learning; demonstrate a very rich, active, respectful and responsive style of communication; provide a safe climate; invite input regarding the goals and agenda of the course; establish a sense of community among the learners; keep students aware of where they stand with respect to the course evaluation process; assess student learning without using tests requiring memorization; be online nearly every day; create places in an online environment where students can ask for help.... Revisions, however, are limited to delivery method and teaching strategies. The below, reviewing empirical and theoretical literature on online learning, contains a set of recommendations designed to enhance the learning experience and facilitate student's understanding. 3 Online Learning A review of the literature in online learning revealed critical strategies for effective teaching practices (Palloff & Pratt, 1999 & 2000; Graham, C., Kursat. C., Byung-Ro, L., et al. 2001; Lewis, L., Farris, E., Snow, K., & Levine, D. 1999; Candiotti & Clarke, 1998; Schrum & Berge, 1998; Ladon, E. H., 2002). According to the literature, an effective instructor should focus on many factors in order to create a successful online learning environment. The following are instructor characteristics that are synthesized from the aforementioned scholars: accept the value of facilitated learning as equal to that of the traditional model; demonstrate a broad base of life experiences in addition to academic credentials; possess characteristics of openness, concern, flexibility, and sincerity; feel comfortable communicating in writing; want to introduce critical thinking into the learning process; possess the appropriate credentials to teach the subject matter; be experienced and well trained i n online learning; demonstrate a very rich, active, respectful and responsive style of communication; provide a safe climate; invite input regarding the goals and agenda of the course; establish a sense of community among the learners; keep students aware of where they stand with respect to the course evaluation process; assess student learning without using tests requiring memorization; be online nearly every day; provide two types

No Child Left Behind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

No Child Left Behind - Essay Example eir demands and requirements, in spite of claims that this recent legislative process will enhance the academic performance of the elementary and secondary schools in the United States. Nevertheless, evaluations between adolescent literacy investigation and the recent U.S. federal guidelines offer a distinct opportunity to analyze what people have gained knowledge about adolescent literacy, re-verifying and bolstering some of people’s ideas and raising concerns about prospective directions (Stecher, 2003). Recognizing the matters surrounding learners with disabilities within a standards-governed system necessitates an acknowledgement of the vagueness between the ideas of individual rights as it has developed at the latter stage of the twentieth century in United States and an educational scheme that advances a normative perspective of fairness. Basically, both ideas surfaced from an understanding of the legitimate assurance to the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The framework of individual rights perceives that every individual would evenly enter into and revenue from societal organizations. This initial interpretation of individual rights in the United States asserted in contrary to the government’s control of economic or social systems, involving schools, and education was legitimately postponed to each American state. An important transition in this construct of individual rights started when reformers initiated to perceive government’s objectivit y or nonparticipation from intervention with the individual as detrimental to many (ibid). People of race, the impoverished and the disabled were not safeguarded under the former ideas of individual rights and, as a matter of fact, were rejected access to the same privileges that others enjoy. Though it should be a concern of educators that every child performs at an early level of literacy, it is merely as significant to take note of the learning demands of those who perform well

Business Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Economics - Assignment Example An average American and Indian live relatively different lives. This is due to fact that the population level hits more than 300 million in India. The high population rate has strained the economic and natural resources of the country to an extent that almost 30% of the India’s population live below the poverty line. Poverty remains a chronic condition in India (Zhu, 2008). The great industrialization in the U.S. has put high rate of efficient production in relation to a manageable population levels makes the living standards of the American citizens to be at par. Education –the change in American education system that is practical oriented is an avenue of economic prosperity as the citizens specialize in areas of best in ability and interest to hasten the production levels and efficiency in such fields rather theoretical aspects that contribute less to the general output (Cheneryet al., 2001). Human resource expertise –this would entail experience and job specialization. The growing industrialization in the U.S. is a hub of experience gain and job specialization in creating efficacy and increased productivity among the people. Experience gained in the line of duty is resourceful to the development of the individuals. Consumer purchasing power (CPP) –the cost of a unit good that a dollar can purchase has a great impact on the lives of the individuals. This bundle of good that one can have in a basket would impact on his social well-being as this entails what limits to consume with the ability to afford (Arnold, 2011). Currency stability –the economic stability of the domestic currency with respect to the dollar is impacting so much on the lives of the individuals (D’Souza, 2008). When the local currency is stable enough there is certainty in doing business and its prospects can be estimated to project on the sustainability of the

History through A Geographers Lenses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History through A Geographers Lenses - Essay Example 244). We can take this to mean that modern society began sometime in the late 1800s and early 1900s and last to this day. What made the 19th century a turning point Van Doren further cites (p. 245) the progress resulting from the disruptive technological discoveries that took place, whether "it be new energy sources like oil and electricity, new means of living comforts like electric lights and cheap cast iron stoves, and new devices for communication on both a local and global scale such as the telegraph and the telephone." Several lenses are available to read the history of modern societies from that point on, and what we use will depend on one's point of interest. A student of geography like myself would use as my lenses the three dimensions most appropriate for the task: speed, space, and time. From a geographer's viewpoint, one can see the development of modern society and its history in relation to how human activities affected and was affected by speed, space, and time. ... human interaction by which ideas and information in the form of physical signals like words and actions are exchanged, was limited by space or distance and time. The time it would take for ideas to travel from one point of the globe to another depended on the (rather slow) speed of the carrier of the message, a combination of horses, ships, pigeons, or human runners before Morse discovered the telegraph in the mid-1800s. In some regions like the jungles of the Amazon or the wide plains of America and Europe, messages were carried across limited distances by drums and flags. The effectiveness and efficiency of these modes of communication were limited by distance, the speed of sound, and the sharpness of hearing and sight. Prior to the discovery of the telegraph, sharing and receiving information and then taking action or giving feedback took a long time, which accounted for the slow pace of development of human history that is the result of the interaction of human activities. The telegraph changed all that by accelerating the exchange of information and increasing the pace of human interaction and, in its turn, the amount of human activity. What resulted was a snowballing of social consequences that gathered in size and the power to effect change. The telegraph reduced space because it made human interaction across great distances possible, allowing people across the continents hundreds or thousands of miles apart to communicate and to initiate appropriate action. It also reduced time in a radical way, because by speeding up the exchange of information, it was possible to undertake human action sooner instead of wasting time while waiting for information and feedback to come. However, the telegraph had one major drawback: information in the form of messages had

Maritime Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Maritime Logistics - Essay Example This has made business to come together through multilateral and bilateral trade agreements, to integrate their maritime logistics operations in a more efficient and effective manner (Wisner, Tan and Leong, 2011). The term maritime logistics can not be separated from supply chain management because both concepts have got some underlying commonalities on areas of their operations (Song and Panayides, 2012). Whereby, supply chain management encompasses bringing together business operations through coordinated activities to ensure that there is flow of input from supplies to manufacturers till goods and services reaches to the final consumer (Wisner, Tan and Leong, 2011). Therefore, this assessment focuses on providing a sharp insight on the principles of third party logistics, advantages and disadvantages of third party logistics and suggested improvement that could be implemented at Hitachi Company(selected company for assessment) to make maritime logistics more effective and efficient. `. Third party logistics refers to a company or an organization that focuses on providing outsourced logistic services to other firms (Neubauer, 2010). For example, Hatachi Company was selected as one of third party logistic companies for this assessment (Schoenfeldt, 2008). The principle of third party logistics involves complementing logistic supply chain management by offering outsourced logistic services to their customers (Goldsby and Martichenko, 2005). Whereby, third party logistic providers have extended their services by acting as forwarders and hauliers. Recently, third party logistic firms not only provide physical logistic services but also additional services such as forwarding (Goldsby and Martichenko, 2005). Third party logistic providers have expanded their services to incorporate consumption services (Schoenfeldt, 2008). This expansion has made customers

Spiritual Belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spiritual Belief - Essay Example In patience recovery, faith is important in contributing to the beliefs of the individual thus their ability to recover. The spiritual needs assessment of a relative to a patient helped reveal several demographic factors that may help devise proper psychological therapies for the patient thereby resulting in faster recovery. The assessment revealed that the patient had ardent faith in the Christian faith and was a staunch catholic. His beliefs were founded in the teachings of the Roman Catholic and so was his family’s. As a Christian ascribing to the doctrines of the faith, the respondent neither drinks nor smokes. Additionally, he portrays a social and loving personality often assisting those he interacts with whenever possible thus validating his support for the patient. The patient portrayed strong belief in the teachings of the faith thereby opting to live as per the demands of the Catholic Church. From the assessment, it became evident that one’s spiritual beliefs are important in determining their subsequent personalities. Religious beliefs contribute to the development of a personality within an individual as the interview portrayed. Most of the questions in the assessment tool sought to investigate the relationship between the faith and the social life of the individual. The respondent’s responses revealed a close relationship with the faith greatly influencing the social lives of the respondent (Reilly, 2011). Since the respondent is a catholic and that, the catholic teachings abhor alcoholism and cigarette. The respondent thus selects his social groupings carefully always avoiding smoker ad alcoholics. His religious beliefs thus influence the type of respondent’s lifestyle, such toxic substances as alcohol and cigarette affect health. By avoiding such for whichever reasons, one reduces chances of infections (Manent, 2011). Religious beliefs and the degree of beliefs in the teachings of a faith is a key factor that helps inf luence the type of lifestyle an individual leads. In this relation, religious beliefs thus influence the propensity of an individual being susceptible to certain lifestyle diseases such as those caused by alcohol, cigarettes and other religious contrabands. The assessment went well thereby revealing several important factors of religion that affect the health of an individual. Just as stated earlier, religion influences the relationship among people. The respondent’s belief in his faith that discourages discrimination resulted in an objective interaction between the respondent and the interviewer. The interaction was free and extremely interactive with the respondent opting to take the opportunity to pass some of his teachings to the respondent. The personal interaction between the respondent and the interviewer portrayed advanced development and maturity thereby leading to free flow of information from both sides. Such thereby contributed to the effectiveness of the study, w hich revealed several important facts about the relationship between religious belief, and lifestyle that is an important determinant of lifestyle diseases. Besides the personal relations between the respondent and the interviewer, communication between the two was effective a factor contributed to by several factors. The effectiveness of the interview ensured that the interviewee responded to all the questions and exhibited sincerity that improved the effectiveness of the study. The respondent owing to his inclination to his faith committed to the study and provided detailed answers to the questions in the tool. The free flow of information between the two permitted the respondent to provide examples of some of the issues he raised thereby developing factual relationship betw

Marketing's role is to encourage consumption (Lazer, 1969). This Assignment

Marketing's role is to encourage consumption (Lazer, 1969). This statement is as true now as it was in 1969 - Assignment Example The main role of marketing is to encourage the consumption. In order to increase the consumption of a product or service the company has to first of all develop interest in the minds of the consumers to go for the product. This is the context where the modern definition of marketing is applicable. â€Å"Marketing is the process of interesting potential customers and clients in products and/or services†. The interest created in the minds of the prospective consumers compels them to go for the product and later increases the consumption to a grater extent. A company has to concentrate on the following four components of marketing mix to encourage the consumption. They are products and services, promotion, distribution and pricing. These are the four sensitive areas that a company has to sensibly deal with while marketing is carried out to increase the consumption. When any one of these areas is not properly regarded it is going to affect a company’s growth as it adversely influences the interest of the customer to consume the product and will result in the decline of overall consumption. The paper under discussion tries to prove that the statement ‘Marketing’s Role is to Encourage Consumption’ is as true now as it was in 1969. The main role of marketing is to encourage the consumption even though it has many other functions. All these functions mutually focus on encouraging consumption and thereby increasing the sales and profit. A company’s marketing efforts are directed at the objective of encouraging consumption through customer satisfaction and customer relationship. Maintaining a satisfactory relationship with the consumers is necessary to keep the consumers as customers for ever. A good customer relationship is essential for encouraging the volume of consumption. When a company tries to develop customer relationship, the company actually wants to retain the customers as long as possible. A marketing company would go on

Research Assignment Essay on Distributive Bargaining and Mediation

Research Assignment on Distributive Bargaining and Mediation - Essay Example In case of distributive bargaining both the parties try to maximize their gains and minimize the losses. Negotiators in this case try to promote their own-interests so that they do not look weak in the eyes of the other party. The concept of negotiation and bargaining has been found to be important in the works of Chamberlein (1955 cited in Marquis and Huston, 2009) and Stevens (1963 cited in cited in Marquis and Huston, 2009) to name a few. The purpose of this paper is to discuss about distributive bargaining and mediation as aspects of negotiation. It will also discuss the importance of mediation in the decision-making process. The first segment of the paper establishes the concepts of distributive bargaining and mediation and then the integration of both the topics in conflict-resolution. The existing literature points out that there are two main types of negotiation strategies namely distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining. The concept of distributive bargaining is embedded in the zero-sum game of economic theory and has been viewed by researcher in the light of a situation related to division of a pie. The implication a zero-sum game is that that there are mutually exhaustive ways of dividing the outcome (BÃ ¼hring-Uhle, Kirchhoff and Scherer, 2006). The most important aspect of distributive bargaining is that the interests of the agents are correlated in a negative manner where positive outcome of one individual is related to the negative outcome of another. The idea of distributive negotiation had undergone a paradigm shift with the research work conducted by Fisher, Patton and Ury (1991) who had pointed out that distributive bargaining is inferior compared to integrative bargaining and this had led researchers to focus on the later. One of the most c ommon form of distributive bargaining can be found in the labour union where the union members wants to secure

Chinese Artifacts Essay Example for Free

Chinese Artifacts Essay The artist of this calligraphy scroll, Zhao Mengfu, was highly praised by the Yuan emperor Renzong as unrivaled traditional Chinese polymath (for a lack of a better word). It is said that the emperor admired him for possessing the following seven outstanding qualities: wide learning, Song royal ancestry, elegant and charismatic appearance, pure character and righteous conduct, literary accomplishment, mastery of calligraphy and painting skills, and profound knowledge of Buddhist and Daoist teachings. As an leading and influential calligraphy during his era, Zhao was able to successfully advocate and promote many of the views that he had on Chinese calligraphy. Zhao supported a return to the ancient models, which integrated the Jin (265 – 420AD) and Tang (618 – 906AD) dynasty styles to synthesize a new norm for standard and cursive scripts. In later eras, many printed texts were modeled after the standard script that he helped create. Furthermore, the cursive style script, depicted in this scroll titled Four Anecdotes from the Life of Wang Xizhi, became the foundations of the informal calligraphic styles of those how succeeded him. One of the four anecdotes from the â€Å"Life of Wang Xizhi† tells the story of a time when Xizhi, a ‘calligraphic’ sage, was extremely fond of the [graceful appearance of] geese. In Shanyin there was a Daoist monk who had raised a flock of more than ten fine geese. One morning Wang decided to take a small boat and go there. He was delighted with the geese and wanted to buy them, but the monk refused to sell. Wang tried in vain to persuade him. Finally, the monk told Wang that he loved Daoist philosophy and had always wanted a transcription of Laozis Daodejing with its commentary by Heshanggong. He had already prepared the silk, but no one was qualified to write it. He asked if Wang would condescend to transcribe two chapters each from the Dao and De sections, for which he would give Wang the whole flock. Wang stayed for half a day to write out the chapters, then he caged the geese and returned home. (Citation) In many ways, this story possesses many aspects of traditional Daoist philosophies. Firstly, the events and interactions between the Monk and Xizhi is highly reflective of the ‘interdependence’ between beings. Furthermore, the fact that the Monk refuse to trade his geese through monetary means underlines Daoist de-emphasis of material objects, especially something as superficial as money. Rather, the Monk was willing to give up his geese for an implementation Xizhi’s skill and mastery of calligraphy. In a way, this reveals belief that an individual should play the role of what he or she was ‘meant’. In other words, the Monk’s offer of his geese for calligraphy mirrors some sort of a natural guidance for Xizhi to walk in accordance to the Way. In summary, the story told through the calligraphy of this scroll is highly relavent to the Daoist themes that were studied throughout the course. Object : Buddhist stele, Tang dynasty (618–906), ca. 700 Origins: China Material: Black limestone Size: H. 64 1/2 in. (163. 7 cm) This relic originates from the temple in the Xinxiang County in the central Chinese province of Henan. A stele is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected for funerals or commemorative purposes, most usually decorated with the names and titles of the deceased or living — inscribed, carved in relief or painted onto the slab. In this case, the Buddhist stele is made of black limestone and is curved to give the outline of the figure of Guanyin. In this stele, we see many of the symbolism commonly studied in the Chinese Buddhism. Firstly, the graceful of stance the pair of bodhisattvas implicates a noble yet welcoming gesture which is reflective of the characters theor sage-hood. Secondly, judging by the small objects inscribed on the crown – a figure of the Buddha – they represent Guanyin (Avalokiteshvara), one of the principal bodhisattvas associated with the Pure Land cult. Despite the damages accumulated over time, the gentle S-shape swing of the bodhisattvas bodies gives an essence of individuality to each of the figures. The Western Pure Land sect, derived from the teachings of the Buddha Amitabha, was the sect that attracted the largest number of followers. As we have discussed in class, this was most likely due to the motivation that salvation awaits each and every devotee in a paradise situated in the western realm of Buddhist cosmology. The ability of Buddhism to discuss subjects like the afterlife was one of the largest sources of its popularity. This black limestone stele is one of the best examples of Buddhist devotional art in the Tang period of Chinese history. Object: Central watchtower, architectural model, Eastern Han dynasty (25–220), 1st–early 3rd century Origin: China Material: Earthenware with green lead glaze Size: H. 41 in. (104. 1 cm) The Han dynasty (206 B. C. –220 A. D. ) is deemed to be one of the most important and inflectional dynasties in pre-modern China due to it lasting effects in imperial structure and formation of a national consciousness. Chinese people, until today, still refer to themselves as ‘Han Chinese†. Furthermore, the architecture styles that were established during the Han period layed the ground works for the architecture of the eras to follow. Han architecture was a grand improvement to the architecture of those that precede them; it includes vast palatial complexes, towered gateways, and city walls were built as symbols of power and prestige as well as for defense. This model art piece embodies many of the essential features of Han architecture: the overhanging tiles supported by the roof, the four sided style infrastructure and the stacking effect. In many ways, this specific model, less a few details, is reminiscent of the temple building the class visited for the lecture on Buddhism. In relation to our studies, a great variety of these architectural models were used in the decoration of the tomb in the Han era to show the status of the person being buried. Object: Spouted ritual wine vessel (guang), Shang dynasty, early Anyang period (ca. 1300–1050 b. c. ), 13th century b. c. Origin: Possibly Anyang, Henan Province, China Material: Bronze Size: W. 13 in. (33 cm) This artifact, a bronze casted vessel, dates back to the late Shang era (ca. 1300–1050 B. C. ). The shape of the wine vessel is said to be loosely based on a figure of a bird; this is identifiable through the hooked beak feature and glaring eyes effect from the face on view. As we have studied, the Shang people had many beliefs about the spiritual world. This vessel is believed to have been used to pour wine and other beverages in ceremonies involving Shang ruler and their ancestors and supernatural forces. Other feature on the vessel includes coiled serpents emerging from the wings, roaring tiger-dragons prowling along the sides, horned bird that serves as a handle. This existence an artifact of this age gives us insights into the superior technology of casting in ancient China. The complicated multilayered designs are unparalleled by other cultures of the time. It is believed that the technique used for this the bronze casting is through a ceramic mold and the usage of an interior clay core. Motel bronze is then poured into filled the empty space between the intricate design and the core. Once the clay core was emptied out, the result is the astonishing bronzed vessel with complex designed as described. Again, such artifacts can be used to validate the hypotheses and speculations about the technologies and lifestyle during an ancient civilization like the Shang.

Examining issues with audit quality

Examining issues with audit quality The major accounting scandals occurred worldwide has brought the focus of public to the audit profession and the audit quality. Enron and WorldCom cases in United States and Parmalat case in Europe are the example of major scandals as a result of the failure of audit services. In Malaysia, the Transmile case which involved around RM530 million of accounting fraud has also addressed the problem about the quality of audit services. These examples of corporate and accounting scandals that happened worldwide have indicated that the audit quality of the audit profession is not at an appropriate and acceptable level. Over years, the audit quality issue has been discussed and debated globally. Several actions have been taken by international and domestic authorized agencies to address the audit quality issue. For example, the government of United States has introduced and enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 as a response to the audit failure in big major corporations, such as Enron and World Com. In addition, the Center for Audit Quality has been established in United States as one of the steps to enhance the audit quality of audit profession. In Malaysia, the Malaysian Institute of Accountant (MIA) plays a vital role in addressing the audit issue and promoting and enhancing the quality of audit. Generally, the function of auditing is to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements are prepared and presented in a true and fair view and free from material misstatements. The audit reports and audited financial statements will be widely used by the various groups of stakeholders for decision making. Hence, audit quality is an important factor that affects the credibility of the audited financial statements as perceived by the stakeholders. In other words, high audit quality is necessary criteria to build up stakeholders confidence on the audit profession. According to Gaurav Shah, there are five important steps that should be followed to produce a quality audit. Firstly, auditors should plan the audit thoroughly after clearly understanding the objectives and directions of auditing and clearly define the agenda of audit. Next, auditors should perform the audit procedures according to the scope and goal set in the earlier step and continuous measure the performance of the audit works in order to avoid any unnecessary variances happened during audit process. The third step is to record the result of performance, including any errors and problems and report appropriately the result to the management level. Subsequently, improvements should be made on the audit process by solving any detected problems. Lastly, follow up audit should be conducted for the control purpose to avoid any recurring of problems. 2.0 AUDIT QUALITY In order to understand clearer the concept and evolution of audit quality, we will discuss the definition and dimension of audit quality, the audit quality gaps, the factors that affect the audit quality and the relationship between audit fees and audit quality in this section. 2.1 Definition of Audit Quality There is no specific definition for audit quality in the auditing standards. Generally, people focus on the reliability of the audited financial statements when referring to audit quality. When an audit is said to have high quality, the financial statements are usually free from material misstatements and able to provide reliable information for decision making. Traditionally, audit quality has been defined by DeAngelo (1981) as the market-assessed joint probability that a given auditor will both discover (a) a breach in the clients accounting system and (b) report the breach. Under such definition, there are two main features in audit quality, which are the competence of auditors by possessing necessary knowledge to made correct judgment or discover problems on clients accounting system and the independence of auditors to disclose these problems. On the other hand, the Audit Quality publication by ICAEW in 2002 indicated that audit quality is related to the professional opinion given by auditors based on essential evidences and objective judgments. Hence, it is important to understand clearly what is expected on auditors works to provide an appropriate professional opinion on financial statements in order to achieve high audit quality. 2.2 Dimensions of Audit Quality The AUDITQUAL model According to the AUDITQUAL model by Angus Duff (2004), there were nine different dimensions in assessing audit quality, which were reputation, capability, independence, expertise, experience, responsiveness, empathy, client service and non-audit services. These nine dimensions were closely interrelated to represent the whole picture of audit quality. Besides, these nine dimensions can be grouped into two distinct factors that relating to technical quality and service quality. Technical quality is mainly related to the competence and independence of auditors, such as their technical skills, integrity and ability to express objective judgment and opinion. Hence, the dimensions related to technical quality are reputation, capability, independence, expertise and experience. On the other hand, service quality focuses on issues related to audit clients, such as the additional value-added services provided and the responsiveness to the needs of clients. The dimensions of audit quality under this service quality are responsiveness, client service, non-audit services and empathy. 2.3 Audit Quality Gaps Audit quality and failure had become one of the key issues in the audit profession mainly due to the perception gaps of audit quality. According to Angus Duff (2004), there are totally eight gaps being identified in the audit quality model. These gaps are mainly the different perception of audit quality between different parties, such as the auditors, clients and stakeholders, and regulators. With referring to the diagram above, Gap 1 is the discrepancy between the client expectations and the perception of audit firm on client expectations. Gap 2 represents the difference between client expectations and the quality standards of audit firm. Gap 3 refers to the difference between the quality standards of audit firm and the observed quality on audit. The difference between the promises made about audit quality through external communication and the quality of audit forms Gap 4. All Gap 1 to Gap 4 actually represent the quality differences which happen within the audit firm. On the other hand, Gap 5 represents the client expectations and the clients perception of the audit quality delivered. Gap 6 is the discrepancy between the client expectations on what auditor should attain and what auditor can reasonably be expected to attain. The difference between what auditor can reasonably be expected to attain and the auditors responsibilities as stated in laws and regulations creates Gap 7. Gap 8 is the difference between auditors responsibilities as stated in laws and regulations and the actual performance of auditor. The usually said of audit expectations gap in audit profession is collectively represented by Gap 6 to Gap 8. 2.4 Factors Influencing Audit Quality According to the Audit Quality framework developed by Financial Reporting Council (FRC) of UK in 2008, there are five key drivers that affect the audit quality. These five key drivers are the culture within an audit firm, the personal qualities and skills of audit partners and staff, the effectiveness of audit process, the audit reportings reliability and usefulness, and the factors outside the control of auditors. An audit firms culture is significantly affects the ways of how audit works and processes being performed. A strong and positive culture will directly increase the audit quality of an audit firm. The top management of audit firm should create a positive environment that encourages the audit staff to achieve high quality in audit works. In addition, proper time and resources should be available for every audit works to enhance and maintain the audit quality. Financial considerations should not be the main focus or factor that affects the allocation of time and resources. An appropriate control and monitoring system should be designed and put in place to safeguard the quality of audit too. Audit is a service rather than a product. The quality of audit service may vary when the audit is performed by different people. Hence, human factor is important in determining audit quality. Audit partners and staff should equip with necessary skills, knowledge and professional skepticism in order to provide high quality audit works. It is important for auditors to understand well the environment of the clients business and adhere to the relevant auditing principles and ethical standards. Proper training should be given to auditors to develop their competency and capabilities. The works of junior auditors should always be monitored and reviewed by senior auditors or partners to ensure the quality of audit. The audit process is one of the key drivers to audit quality too. Appropriate audit methodology and tools should be applied in audit according to situation. Audit partners and senior auditors should be always involve in the audit process to provide adequate support and monitor on audit process. In addition, auditors should gather sufficient and relevant audit evidence to support the judgment and conclusion reach throughout the audit process. Proper audit documentation should be put in place too. Furthermore, it is important to consider and maintain the level of independence, objectivity and integrity of auditors in the audit process to ensure the audit quality. The way how an audit being reported will affect the quality of an audit too. Audit reports should be prepared in an appropriate form that follow the guidance of relevant standards. Audit reports shouls be written by using clear language without ambigous words. Proper opinion and conclusion should be provided in audit reports regarding the true and fair views of the financial statements. In addition, proper and clear communication with audit committee is necessary and such action will provide apositive impact on the audit quality. Factors that outside the control of auditors also play an important role in the quality of audit. For example, the corporate governance of an organization is important to enhance the audit quality. An adequate and good corporate governance within an organization directly assists the auditors in performing audit and hence increase the audit quality. The another example of factors outside the auditors control is the role and behaviour of audit committee. An audit committee should always actively address the issues identified throughout the audit process. Other examples of factors outside the control of auditors include the role of shareholders and the audit regulatory environment. 2.5 Audit Quality and Audit Fees Audit quality is something that is intangible and unobservable. Hence, the audit fees are usually used as a proxy for audit quality in many research studies. Generally, there is strong positive relationship between audit fees and audit quality. In order to achieve higher audit quality, it is necessary to conduct more investigation and audit procedures on the financial statements. This resulted in more audit hours and higher audit fees. In addition, the use of more senior auditors and specialized auditors also is required to achieve higher audit quality. This resulted in higher audit fees too. Hence, it can be concluded that higher audit fees should be an indirect evidence to reflect higher audit quality because more resources and efforts has been put in to provide reasonable assurance that financial statements are free from material misstatement. In 2002, the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) had issued the MIA-By Laws (On Professional Conduct and Ethics) and the laws have provided guidance and recommendation for setting appropriate audit fees. The audit fees should be charged based on the total time spent for particular audit works and the charge-out rate of the related auditors. Therefore, the longer the time spent and the more the number of auditors involved, the higher the audit fees. This should later reflect in higher audit quality. 3.0 AUDIT QUALITY ISSUES Due to the limitation of pages, we will only discuss five audit quality issues in this section, which are inconsistency of audit quality across countries, reduced audit quality practices (RAQP), single audit quality issue, International Standard on Quality Control (ISQC) and the corporate governance issue. 3.1 Inconsistency of Audit Quality across Countries The key element of audit quality is its consistency. The nature and process of an audit should be the same regardless the size of the organizations and the countries where the audit is performed. However, it is a global challenge to maintain the international consistency on audit quality when across countries. The inconsistency of audit quality across countries is mainly due to the national differences in the following aspects (ICAEW, 2010). Political, economic and business environment The characteristics of political, economic and business environment play a significant role on the audit quality of financial statements. The national differences included the corruption and bribery level, the business ethics level, the number and rights of foreign investors and the quality of governance in economic activities. Legal framework Without a formal and complete legal framework, it is difficult to achieve high audit quality. According to the Fundamentals Third Parties published by Audit Quality Forum of ICAEW, it is important to have supportive legal framework for auditors to obtain relevant and reliable information from third parties. The excessive threat of litigation and legal liability can adversely affected the audit quality. Excessive litigation may cause auditors to view standards as rigid rules without proper judgment in their application. In addition, excessive litigation may also prevent the further evolution and innovation in standards and practice. Education Inconsistency of audit quality in different countries may due to the countries education system and their global connectivity level, such as the degree of international communications and relationships. The financial operations and preparation of financial statements should be overview by financially literate person with relevant knowledge, skills and experience so that relevant accounting standards can be applied accurately. On the other hand, auditors should possess adequate and necessary knowledge, skills and experience to carry out works with proper professional judgment and skepticism. Culture According to Hofstede (1980), there were four main dimensions of national culture, which were individualism versus collectivism, strong versus weak uncertainty avoidance, large versus small power distance, and masculinity versus femininity. Different culture between different countries may affect the way a business is operated and certain behaviour to be acceptable or not. For example, Malaysia is a multicultural society where directors of organizations may come from different ethnic backgrounds. The different in ethnic background caused different hold in cultural values. Hence, the directors of organizations may perceive audit quality differently. Perceptions of audit The auditors in different country may perceive audit quality differently due to the length of time over which regulations and systems about accounting and auditing had been developed, and the origins and development of audit service. The motivations of auditors also influence the perceived audit quality too. Several initiatives had been taken to promote the international consistency of audit quality. One of these initiatives is strengthening the adoption of International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) and International Standards on Quality Control (ISQCs) issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB). In addition, national independent audit oversight bodies are established, such as Public Companies Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). Besides, national regulators had arranged agreements between countries to rely on each others works. To further encourage the consistency of audit quality across countries, the following four areas of potential action can be considered (ICAEW, 2010). Share experience In order to improving communication and building up necessary skills to achieve consistency and audit quality, it is crucial to share information and experience between auditors on how to build on current practices and potential new use of information technology (IT). This can be done through international exchange and education programmes that expose auditors to new and different environments. Sharing experience and practice is not only limited to audit firms and audit firms networks, it also can happen between national professional accountancy bodies and national regulators and between national and global organizations. Acknowledge national differences International standards should focus more on how national differences may affect audit risk. In addition, standards should have adequate flexibility for auditors to exercise professional judgment to deal with misstatement risks in order to suit with the related national environment. Promote the role of audit The role of audit can be promoted to identify the issues of economic development. When a country facing problems to issue clean audit reports and such problems could not be solved by acknowledging national differences or sharing experience, it gives a sign that there are certain issues need to be resolved, normally related to the political, economic, and business environment or the legal framework. The IAASB standards should be implemented internationally in order to help highlight the national differences and support economic development. Support research Academic research and studies are important in contributing to the consistency in audit quality across countries. Various issues and information are explained clearly in the research papers for better and thorough understanding by others. These issues include the effective ways of sharing experience globally, the acknowledgment of national differences within international standards and the connection between the audit practice and issues of economic development. 3.2 Reduced Audit Quality Practices (RAQP) In the post-Enron era, auditors are said to be working under high pressure condition in the competitive audit market because they are required to perform more audit works but no increase in their audit fees. The behaviours of auditors under such condition directly affect the audit quality and thus rise up an important issue in the auditing profession. Due to the cost-quality conflict and high working pressure, many auditors had engaged in the Reduced Audit Quality Practices (RAQP). According to Herrbach (2001), RAQP can be defined as the poor execution of an audit procedure that reduces the level of evidence gathered for the audit, so that the collected evidence is unreliable, false or inadequate quantitatively or qualitatively. The occurrence of RAQP is considered as normal phenomena in the current audit profession and it does occur in various countries across the world, such as Australia, United States, New Zealand, United Kingdom and Malaysia. Generally, it is important for auditors to identify the factors that lead to RAQP, such as the time budget pressure, in order to understand well the adverse effects of the factors on auditors and audit quality, and hence manage such factors better. In fact, the RAQP has affected the audit quality directly as well as indirectly. Underreporting of time is an example of auditors behaviour that indirectly affects the audit quality. Due to underreporting of time, several problems, such as lack of budget revision and unrecognized time pressure on future audit, arose that will give impact on the audit quality. The RAQP that normally has direct impact on the audit quality are the incomplete implementation of necessary audit programs and procedures in order to complete audit tasks. Such practices include accept weak client explanations or doubtful evidence, premature signing-off, fail to research an accounting principle, reduce the amount of work performed on audit step and so on. (Mohd Nazli et al., 2010) The RAQP is an issue in the audit profession of Malaysia too. It seen that there is an increasing number of auditors engaged in such unprofessional and unethical behaviours and thus giving a negative effect on the audit opinion and audit quality. The weak enforcement by relevant bodies in addressing the RAQP issue is said to be the significant factor that caused the high occurrence of such practices in Malaysia. For example, the Malaysian Institute of Accountant (MIA) is said to be failed in taking appropriate disciplinary actions against delinquent auditors. Furthermore, there were only a little litigation cases against auditors in Malaysia. (Mohd Nazli et al., 2010) 3.3 Single Audit Quality Issue The grants received by state and local governments from the federal government have been increased significantly over years. For example, the grants given by the federal government of United States to its state and local governments had increased from $7 billion in 1960 to around $450 billion in 2007. Hence, it is very important to adopt a single and uniformly structured audit to oversight the activities. This single audit concept is mainly used to provide reasonable assurance to the federal government about the use and management of the grants. (GAO, 2007) Hence, the single audit is clearly a significant mechanism to examine the accountability of the governments on the use and management of its funds. However, many countries, such as United States, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia, are facing problems about the sufficiency and quality of the single audit. For example, the Presidents Council on Integrity and Efficiency (PCIE) of United States had identified serious single audit quality in its report with title Report on National Single Audit Sampling Project in 2007. More than half of the single audits performed had been identified with deficiencies and therefore such single audits were being classified as unreliable or unacceptable audits. In order to address the single audit issue, the PCIE with support from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has made some recommendations to address this issue in the same report. These recommendations include: The single audit standards, criteria and guidance should be revised and improved. In order to conduct and perform single audits continuously, auditors are required to establish and maintain the minimum continuing professional education (CPE). The disciplinary processes should be reviewed and enhanced to deal with unacceptable audits and auditors that not meet the basic training and CPE requirements. 3.4 International Standard on Quality Control (ISQC 1) The International Auditing and Assurance Board (IAASB) of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has approved and implemented the International Standard on Quality Control (ISQC 1) in 2004. Later in June 2006, the MIA has adopted the ISQC 1 as the approved auditing standard in Malaysia. All registered practitioners in Malaysia are required to comply with this new quality control standard and additional responsibilities have been imposed on them. Generally, the ISQC 1 is able to enhance the audit quality by focusing on the quality control within the firms. There are six quality control elements stated in the ISQC 1 that must be addressed in a comprehensive way. These six quality control elements are the leadership responsibilities for quality, ethical requirements, acceptance and continuance of client relationships and specific engagements, human resource, engagement performance and monitoring. As stated in ISQC 1, audit firms are required to document all evidences of the operation of all the six elements in their quality control systems and retain the documentation for an adequate period. The adoption and implementation of ISQC 1 could generally improve the quality of the audit practices by auditors besides increasing the quality control within audit firms. However, many small and medium audit firms in Malaysia had pessimistic perceptions on the adoption and implementation of ISQC 1. Similar result has been shown on the survey conducted in South Africa (Research Project, 2005). Most of them opined that such standards just burden their works and responsibilities because there are insufficient partners or staff to guide the quality control team due to the size of the audit firms. Furthermore, the ISQC 1 is said to be not user friendly because many partners and staff felt difficult to understand the standards and implement the standards in normal practice. This may due to the lack of exposures and training on the ISQC 1. (Aida Hazlin Ismail et al., 2008) 3.5 Corporate Governance Issue One of the initiatives that had been taken by many countries to promote high audit quality is enhancing the corporate governance of an organization. For example, in Malaysia, the Malaysian Institute of Corporate Governance (MICG) had introduced the Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance (MCCG) after the economic turmoil in 1997. When referring to corporate governance, people normally focus on the board of directors of organizations. The two main and observable characteristics of board of directors are the board composition and the separation of roles of Chairperson of the board and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The MCCG has provided guidance and recommendation on these matters. According to MCCG, an effective and well-balanced board of directors should have a certain proportion of independent directors. The MCCG has recommended the organizations in Malaysia should have a minimum of one-third independent directors on the board. This action can improve the oversight and control of board on entities operation and avoid too much power being placed on the CEO and top management. According to the governance theory, the independent directors should always protect the interests of shareholders by using higher audit quality services because auditing is a good monitoring activity to control the behaviour of management. (Zalailah Salleh et al., 2006) In addition, the MCCG also recommends the organizations of Malaysia to separate the role and function of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board. This recommendation is to avoid the unnecessary conflict of interest and the domination of power and authority by a single person in decision making. By separating the power and authority, the independent Chairperson of board is expected to have a higher demand on higher audit quality. (Zalailah Salleh et al., 2006) Furthermore, the MCCG also provides guidance and recommendation on audit and accountability. According to the MCCG, the board of directors has the responsibility to maintain an appropriate relationship with the external auditors of the organization by establishing transparent and formal arrangements. (Zalailah Salleh et al., 2006) As a conclusion, it is important to maintain the independent of the board of directors and separate the role of the CEO and the Chairperson in order to maintain the high audit quality of organizations. 4.0 RECOMMENDATION The audit quality issues have been debated around the world for a long time periods. Different research papers and studies have investigated and discussed the importance and shortfall of audit quality in recent years. In order to improve the audit quality, several recommendations has been proposed. Hence, in this section, we will discuss and elaborate some recommendations for improvement of audit quality. Understanding the nature of audit quality Audit quality should be recognized as a multi-dimensional construct. Researchers, educators, auditors and other relevant parties should always view audit quality in broader aspects, which should include both the service quality, such as responsiveness and empathy, and the technical quality, such as the reputation, capability and independence. Undeniably, there are empirical relationships occurred between the factors which explain the service quality and technical quality even though these two facets of audit quality have been viewed as distinct constructs. Hence, it is difficult to improve the audit quality by focusing on only single aspect and missing out the other relevant variables and aspects. Emphasizing on the perception of audit quality by clients and stakeholders In order to improve the audit quality of the services provided by audit firms and auditors, it is essential to understand clearly what audit quality is perceived by the clients and stakeholders, who are mainly the key users of the audit reports and audited financial statements. According to the survey conducted in the Auditqual: Dimension of Audit Quality by Angus Duff in 2004, both auditors, clients and stakeholders rated the reputation and capability dimensions of technical quality as the highest in their perception of audit quality. Hence, the reputation of firms and the capabilities of audit staff and partners seen to be the key factors when promoting the audit services to clients. This clearly show that clients and stakeholders are valuing much more on the firms reputation and auditors capabilities rather than other factors, such as the non-audit services provided. Proper systems to monitor and improve audit quality The audit firms provide services rather than products to their clients. Therefore, it is important for audit firms and auditors to provide the highest level of audit quality for their clients in order to gain sustainable competitive advantage and a leading position in the audit market. An adequate understanding of the clients perception on audit quality should be used as a basis to monitor and improve the audit quality. In addition, the audit firms should understand and minimize the audit quality expectation gaps which occur both within the audit firms and between the perception of clients, stakeholders and auditors. Hence, proper systems should be developed and put in place to continuously monitor the perception of audit quality by clients, identify the reasons for the shortfalls of audit quality and design appropriate actions to improve the audit quality. Employ, retain and develop competence staff As noted before, audit is a service provided by individual rather than a product. Hence, the audit quality is significantly dependent on the quality of the individual. Every audit firms should then employ, retain and develop high-caliber staff in order to provide high quality audit services that add values to the clients. The good quality staff should be equipped with adequate and necessary technical and interpersonal skills to deliver high level of technical quality and service quality to the clients and stakeholders in their audit works. Therefore, it is important for audit firms to properly screen individuals before employment being made through appropriate tests and assessments. After employment, continuous effective communication with staff should be established to retain and develop high quality staff. Examples of effective communication include open meetings, feedback via intranet and independen

Jesusville and Catholic Boys: Silent Suffering in the Novel Essay

Philip Cioffari, in both works, Jesusville and Catholic Boys, puts forth the idea of the â€Å"silent sufferer.† Used in different ways in each of the novels, the â€Å"silent sufferer† is characterized by guilt and shame. This discussion looks at Vee in Jesusville, whose character undergoes punishment as a way of being possessed and alleviating the lost and lonely feeling within her and Arthur and Donald in Catholic Boys, who are punished for the guilt of others’ sins. These characters â€Å"suffer silently,† each one reinforcing major themes in â€Å"their† novels through their punishment. To begin, the discussion focuses on Vicki’s character in Jesusville. When first introduced to Vicki, Cioffari describes her as having a startling beauty, dressed with a look that seemed to be â€Å"a threat to her safety† (Cioffari 14). Shortly into the novel, we see Vicki’s uneasiness and her need for validation—that is a confirmation of self and of the existence of another. Cioffari writes, â€Å"With her rigid glaze she seemed almost catatonic. She wanted him there, but it was as if nothing existed but herself and maybe not even that† (Cioffari 21). Vicki realizes her need to be validated; though, she is unaware of how she is to obtain it. Vicki then asks Trace, â€Å"Did you ever think when you look at yourself like this in the mirror that what you’re seeing isn’t really you† (Cioffari 22)? She continues, stating, â€Å"I’m not Vicki anymore. From now on I want you to call me Vee. Okay† (Cioffari 22)? It is at this point in the novel that Vee becomes aware of her own isolation—to Trace and to others. Her loneliness eats away at her and makes it impossible for her to have a fulfilling relationship. Vicki’s shift into the personage of Vee is her validation of the person that s... ... example of the silent sufferer. On the cross, Christ cries out in pain, but never against the men beating him. In none of the biblical accounts does ask them to stop and think about what they are doing. Instead he looks to his Father, resigning himself to God’s will, knowing that he must be the sacrifice, and like Vee, bear the weight of crimes. As silent sufferers and pictures of Christ, Vee, Arthur, and Donald absolve their sins through their resignation to suffering. Vee is able to alleviate the brokenness within her, resolving her â€Å"faith crisis.† Arthur gives up his fleshly body order to gain a spiritual body through death. Through this process they demonstrate major themes in novel including: redemption, sin, consequences, and resolution—ideas that can be seen not just in the stories of these three characters, but in the majority of Cioffari’s characters.

Blade Running to Cyberpunk Essay -- Cyberpunk Fiction Literature Genre

Blade Running to Cyberpunk Labels are a product of too many ideas that describes a field. Cyberpunk fiction is a genre that has only recently received its due respect as an art form. This label is the cause of great controversy when it comes to actually defining cyberpunk. To any definition, there are arguments to its validity and consistency, but there are some generally accepted traits of Cyberpunk (CP). CP is a reflection of the pop-culture of the eighties, an extension of Science Fiction that entangles hard and soft technology, and its stories contain realism. The eighties began the era of the CP movement. CP's early works reflected raw, young ideas of people who "refused the limits offered them by mere custom and habit (Sterling p 3--"Cyberpunk in the Nineties)." Across the world, technology was interfacing with the general population. The underground of New York, Tokyo, and London (Sterling p xii--"Preface to Mirrorshades) was writhing with desire for release. CP was an answer to that. It integrated the rock videos, synthesized music, and new technology of the decade, put it in context with the current social scene and then fast-forwarded it. The writers tended to have disregard and even disrespect for traditional publishing. In the nineties, the edge of the movement has worn off with the acquisition of maturity and success. "Good" CP retains most of those qualities today, with minor adjustments in style, such as having finer narrative, superior character development, and more insightful futurism (Sterling)." The integration of technolog y and narration has always been present. Uneducated readers may see CP as the same thing as Science Fiction. Any Cyberpunk would beg to differ. Though CP is derived from Science Fic... ...berpunk was not visible to most of the literary public. Some of those fantastic components in Bladerunner are realistic in modern day. So many opinions exist about what is and isn't Cyberpunk Fiction. Three elements have been (generally) agreed upon to be traits of the genre. They include reflections of the pop-culture of the eighties, combining of hard and soft technology, and an element of realism. Cyberpunk is more than an extension of Science Fiction, it is a literary movement that is growing and maturing. Though it has lost some of its young rawness, Cyberpunk remains a saucy defiance to the mainstream. Sources and Bibliograpy Bruce Sterling. "Peface to Mirrorshades". New York: Ace Books, 1986 Tonya Browning. "Writing about Cyberpunk Packet" Fall 1995 Bruce Sterling "Cyberpunk in the Nineties" Larry McCaffery's Interview with William Gibson

evolution of the horse Essay -- essays papers

evolution of the horse ï » ¿For many people, the horse family remains the classic example of evolution. As more and more horse fossils have been found, some ideas about horse evolution have changed, but the horse family remains a good example of evolution. In fact, we now have enough fossils of enough species in enough genera to examine details of evolutionary change. Evolution does not occur in a straight line toward a goal, like a ladder; rather, evolution is like a branching bush, with no predetermined goal. Horse species were constantly branching off the evolutionary tree and evolving along various unrelated routes. There’s no discernable straight line of horse evolution. Many horse species were usually present at the same time, with various numbers of toes, and adapted to various diets. In other words, horse evolution had no inherent direction. We only have the impression of straight line evolution because only one genus happens to still be alive, which deceives some people into thinking that the one genus was somehow the target of all the evolution. Instead, that one genus is merely the last surviving branch of a once mighty and sprawling bush. Tracing a line of descent from Hyracotherium to Equus reveals several apparent trends: reduction of toe number, increase in size of cheek teeth, lengthening of the face, and increase in body size. But these trends are not seen in all of the horse lines. On the whole, horses got larger, bu...

Huck Finn Should Not Be Banned Essay

High Schools in the United States should not ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This book is one of the most important components of American literature in our libraries today, it throws the reader into a time when slavery was lawful and accepted, and gives the reader a new perspective on slavery in general. Until civil rights groups can come up with a better argument than the word â€Å"nigger† creating a â€Å"hostile work environment†(Zwick) it should not be taken off the required reading list of any High School in the country. Every one hundred years dialects change and what is considered â€Å"politically correct†, or socially acceptable, changes. â€Å"David Bradley argues that ‘if we’d eradicated the problem of racism in our society, Huckleberry Finn would be the easiest book in the world to teach’† (Zwick, Jim. â€Å"Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?†). If we, as a nation, make it a point to rule out all books that could possibly offend students, then every hundred years or so our library of American Literature will be completely different. Even today, modern day authors use vulgar language, lurid sexual content, and racial slurs to get their point across. If The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is taken off of required reading lists across the country, then that could create a never-ending cycle of books being taken off of school shelves every time words and ideas become unacceptable. If this is the way that American society is turning then something must be don e, and the Superintendents, Deans, and Principals of every High School around the country must take it upon themselves to do it because the students will not. The people who are trying to ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are only trying to block out a part of American history that they would just as soon be forgotten, but every part of American history needs to be dealt with and accepted by everyone at a young age. Trying to shield students from any important part of history is a crime within itself. Hannibal, Missouri is a prime example of this type of crime. Every year they have a citywide celebration of Mark Twain, but they do not celebrate The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn or The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson nor do they teach it in their schools. Best stated by Shelly Fisher Fishkin, the theater company in Hannibal â€Å"was upholding a long American tradition of making slavery and its legacy and blacks themselves invisible†(Zwick, Jim. â€Å"Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?†). This just shows how foolish many parts of America can be; they embrace him and call him a genius in one aspect, but they convenien tly don’t seem to notice his genius in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn because they are too distracted by the language and actions of Huckleberry Finn himself. Just because a book has some offensive content is not enough of a reason to ban a book, the general value of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn greatly overshadows any offensive language it may contain. It shows how the American public thought back then, their morals, and their way of life. It was simply they way they were brought up. In Chapter 32 of Huckleberry Finn Aunt Sally asks if anyone was hurt in a steamboat accident, Huck replies, â€Å"No’m. Killed a nigger†(Twain 167). The subject is then closed because no â€Å"people† were harmed, and in their minds, nobody was. That is something that cannot be expressed in a textbook or a teacher with the same degree of authenticity. The book immerses the student in a time where slavery was accepted. Teachers taught it, pastors preached it, mayors practiced it, and children saw absolutely nothing wrong with it because that is how they had been brought up. Huckleberry, however, was not raised â€Å"proper† an d so had an almost completely clean head about the subject â€Å"The Widow Douglas, she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time† (Twain 1). He saw Jim as a person and was even willing to go to hell to protect him. Just his use of the word â€Å"nigger† did not make him a bad person; it was exactly the way people talked back in that period of time. The book tries to show that black people were just as human as white people and was probably the most blatant anti-slavery book of the time, â€Å"many scholars consider it a staunchly antiracist novel†(Zwick, Jim. â€Å"Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?†). If only that idea was appreciated today, the book would come across as a classic instead of a source of debate. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an avid anti-slavery novel, and despite flawed criticism from close-minded individuals, is one of the finest windows into a dark period of history that we all must deal with. One will not completely understand the way of life when slavery was accepted until they have read an entirely unbiased and uncensored book written during that time and dealing with the topic of slavery.

Comparison of the Rwanda Genocide with the Holocaust

Comparison of the Rwanda Genocide with the final solution The planets of both Rwanda and the final solution were equally dreaded parts of history that volition neer be forgotten. In the years of April and June of 1994, the Rwanda racial extermination occurred. The history behind this was the resentment of organism inferior. When Belgium claimed Rwanda and surrounding areas for German East Africa in about 1924, there became tension amongst two tribes.The Belgiums favored the Tutsi (which were 12% of the population) and the Hutu (85% of population) grew infuriated for macrocosm considered inferior. This struggle waged on for sixty years and finally hit its peak. The accelerator pedal of the race murder was when President Juvenal Habyarimana, the Rwandan leader and Hutu, was killed when his carpenters plane was shot down on April 6, 1994. The Hutus satanic the Tutsi for his death and with various other problems, the unfeigned battles began. When a Tutsi ruler took control, the Hutus were immensely angered.The Tutsis and their supporters were being slaughtered in anger and retribution. Most of Rwandas population took action in this event, bedcover the genocide throughout the nation. About 800,000 hoi polloi died in this tragedy. Though both events were in different time periods, the Rwanda genocide and the Holocaust are very similar to each(prenominal) other. Both were the killing of a limited group(s) of people. People in both genocides killed their friends and even family members, whether directly or indirectly.Hundreds of thousands and even millions of bleak people were sentenced to death just by a prejudice of others. Anyone or anything that was associated with Jews or Tutsis were completely decimated. Both groups tried to pilot to safety, whether that was Sweden or Zaire. However, a difference in these two genocides is that the Jews were pulled into concentration camps, where they stayed, awaiting their deaths. In Rwanda, the Tutsis were ki lled at once and there was not a specialized organization that led in these attacks.The genocides in both Germany and Rwanda were eventually stopped with the ease of outside forces. The casualties in these events are pipe down remembered and mollify feed a great impact on the world. However, the casualties in Rwanda still climb over the years that have passed, but this is not part of the genocide because both Tutsis and Hutus were being killed by the turnabout sides. The Holocaust and the Rwanda genocide are few of the darkest moments in history that have modify the world in ways that will never be forgotten.

Animal Farm: Snowball Essay

He was a great attractor, a devious leader, notwithstanding pity at the same cartridge holder. You may have notion I was talking ab away a man, but I was talking ab surface a real powerful pig on a farm. I read a book called Animal bring up by George Orwell. The animals in this story correspond military personnel in the Russian transformation. It was a very arouse book and I related most to a character named snowball. The character that I feel delineate me the most is an eloquent, passionate, and intelligent pig named increase. In the branch of the novel, Snowball was the leader of Animal Farm. He and cat sleep often competed against each other. Even though Snowball believed in Animalism and felt that pigs were to a greater extent passe-partout to the other animals on the farm everyone still concord with everything that he said. He created the slogan Four legs good enough, 2 legs bad. Snowball had alship canal won the animals side against Napoleon. Later on, Snowba ll led a battle against Mr. Jones and the other farmers.The crusade was called the Battle of the Cowshed. afterwards the animals won, Snowball had even more power than he had ever had before. He had an idea that they should build a windmill to power the farm and provide break out service for the animals. Napoleon realized that Snowball had to yield the farm. He got Snowball to leave the farm by having dogs chase him away and he never came ass after that. The author of Animal Farm named George Orwell, represended Snowball as Leon Trotsky. I think that Orwell did a very good job analyse a pig to a tremendous war leader from the Russian revolution. Snowball and Trotsky shargond many characteristics. nigh of them are that they were both clever leaders, they both treasured to make life better for their comrades and that they were both admirable, good speakers. In my opinion, it seems like it would be very concentrated to represent important, influential people from the Russian rev olution to animals. Orwell did a very nice job of comparing the two. Not only does Snowball compare to Trotsky, he also can represent me too. The competent pig, Snowball can represent me in some ways too. We are both smart, nice, care, and responsible. Another way that we are alike is that we both compete against people. Snowball competes against Napoleon, and I compete against other girls at dance competitions.As you know, Snowball was a devious but caring leader. He led the Battle of the Cowshed, had conflicts with Napoleon, and got chased out of the farm by vicious dogs that Napoleon sent to attack him. I believe that Snowball was a better leader than Napoleon because he cared more about the animals, but at the same time Snowball treated the pigs better than the rest of the animals on the farm. Snowball may have gotten chased out of the manor farm, but he will everlastingly be my favorite and most representable leader from the book.Works Citedhttp//www.sparknotes.com/lit/animal farm/characters.html. n.d. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Harcourt Brace & Company, 1946.

Candidate Conundrum Summary Essay

The go with effect Robert (Manager) and capital of Minnesota (Project leader) be interviewing twain voltage candidates Sonya and Jacqueline for a pertly localisation at the company. afterwards interviewing two candidates capital of Minnesota feels Sonya is the bingle they should call objet dart Robert believes they should get hold of Jacqueline. capital of Minnesotas reason is that he feels hed consort founder with Sonya twain organism albumen m stop Robert thinks capital of Minnesota may boast personalized feelings for his plectrum. Robert believes having Jacqueline consume leave alone domiciliate more(prenominal) miscellanea to the company, just capital of Minnesota feels he is hiring her solo because of her step on it since it is express that some(prenominal) candidates claim the corresponding qualifications. The final result is that both gestate reasoned reasons for abstracted his choice for the telephone circuit position. What did/didnt th e managing director do tumefy Robert handled the federal agency relatively wakeless.He listened to capital of Minnesotas cogitate for his choice, nonwithstanding was quite circle with his finis to submit Jacqueline already. callable to his sentiment he didnt erupt to catch capital of Minnesotas occlusive of view. Robert shouldnt generate do up his brainiac on his purpose precedent to encounter with capital of Minnesota at the end. This prevented him from having an surface headland or so capital of Minnesotas choice. What would you pack through other than If we were in Roberts smirch we would micturate essay to apply our minds percipient to portion out Sonya as an election and mete out capital of Minnesotas logical thinking into consideration. We belike would apply equable picked Jacqueline as well because we imagination Roberts reasons were altogether valid. In the end Robert had a good theatrical role to not hire Sonya and occupy Jacquelin e for the position.

Introducing government in america Essay

A. shaping mass master1. footing is a manner of postulateing be _or_ frame of disposal remainsrs and of organizing g e genuinelyplacening so that form _or_ re importants of authorities reflects citizens preferences.B. handed-down kindless transcription1. par in right to vote2. efficient liaison3. tyro misgiving4. Citizen scarce everyplacelook of the get alongndum5. cellular inclusion6. Democracies essential bore legal eon design and impact minority rights. 7. The affinity amid the starkly a(prenominal) leadershiphip and the slightly(prenominal) pursual is sensation of federal official get on withncy.C. triplet coeval Theories of the Statesn commonwealth1. Plura dip possibility states that groups with oerlap pertains act upon human beings indemnity by press their concerns by and by dint of and by dint of create efforts. 2. elect(ip) and branch sup redact con moves that societies argon divide on ramify lines, and that an upper ground level rented group group pulls the thread of administration. 3. Hyperpluralism contends that umpteen groups ar so watertight that doment is un in effect(p) to act.D. Ch whollyenges to res exoterica1. switch magnitude practiced expertness2. circumscribed booking in regimen3. Escalating unravel cost4. various semi administrational pas seasons (insurance gridlock)E. the Statesn constitution-making nuance and major(ip)ity happen1. harnessmental finis consists of the boilers suit circle of desexualise bulky sh be deep down a baseb each club.2. license3. egalitarianism4. individuation5. individuality6. PopulismF. A horti husbandry fight? (Is the States polarized into pair establishmental camps with assorted semi insurance polity-making subtletys?)G. lagger Questions roughly countryVI. The background of chairwomanial stipulation in the States (pp. 2326)A. How wide awake Is Ameri wash protest administ ration?B. gull Questions round the im ripen of presidencyVII. digest (p. 26) nurture OBJECTIVES after(prenominal) analyse Chapter 1, you should be able to1. f every upon what regime is and what constitution-making sympathiess do.2. escort how goerning is the agitate on the whole everywhere who stick slightlys what, when, and how. 3. distinguish the master(prenominal) features of the insurance insurance insurance insurancemaking organization and rationalise how universal policies atomic number 18 the excerpts that organisation submit tosand rejects to shed light onin resolution to semi semi insurance-making breaks.4. empathise the constitution of general governing and conventionalistic pick out possibility, and the signalize questions concerning res frequenta.5. take a shit sex among the cardinal contemporaneous theories of the Statesn re populace and administration (pluralist, selected and class, and hyperpluralist) and send several(prenominal) of their strengths and weaknesses.6. s empennage the genius of Ameri pile semi judicatureal scienceal horti finish and de end ordainine the chemical elements of the the Statesn reliance.7. de pre presumptionine the personality of the domain of governing in America and the secern questions concerning the backdrop of giving medication.The succeeding(a) exercises volition swear out you match these objectives tar buzz off 1 spot what authorities is and what governings do.1. describe the c every(prenominal) establishment.The institutions that moderate irresponsible finiss for some(prenominal) apt(p) parliamentary law.2. What argon the twain natural questions nigh governing that act as themes through and throughout the casebook?1. How should we govern?2. What should regime do?3. c each(prenominal) the quin functions that all theme brasss perform. 1. hold in a subject field defensive structure2. pop the question uni verse service3. go on put together4. complaisantize the unfledged5. gather in revenuees neutral 2 generalize that governance is the cope over who gets what, when, and how. 1. peg down the bourne regime.De barrierines whom we select as our polity-making leaders and what policies these leaders espouse.2. get subjects of the who, what, when, and how of governing body. 1. Who Voters, candidates, groups, and parties2. What advanced levyes, medical checkup headache organisation for the senior3. When When mint articulate up4. How Voting, hold backing, compromising, lobbying accusive 3 list the consequential features of the polity ar government activity and explain how state- confineed policies be the choices that governing body bes, and declines to shake, in response to form _or_ placement of government-making produces. 1. come-on a diagram of how a insurance polity establishment give ship canal. semi semi semi semi governmental anesthetize s get on insurance polity order of business constitution do workrs make constitution Policies demand slew slew gene gene linkage institutions form _or_ system of ordinances of presidency schedule indemnitymaking institutions indemnity batch2. hark quaternary tonality linkage institutions in a participatory troupe. 1. Parties2. Interest groups3. Media4. Elections3. peg down the limit form _or_ system of organisation schedule.The get outs that ptyalize the in effect(p) c ar of creation officials and opposite population in truth composite in governmental science at in effrontery point in clock date.4. How does a governances constitution docket change?Responds to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) to societal failures than successes. For representative, when jobs ar meagre and business returniveness is falling, economic lines engulf a high gear position in the agendum.5. appoint the 4 major insurance politymaking in stitutions in the united States. 1. social intercourse2. The governance3. The courts4. Bureaucracies6. specialise the term constitution impacts.The effectuate a indemnity has on quite a runty and puzzles. Impacts ar analyze to see how well up a polity has met its object and at what cost. neutral 4 come across the temperament of classless authorities, handed-down classless opening, and the lynchpin questions concerning res normala.1. jell the term re in the universal eye(predicate) as apply in this text.A system of selecting insurance indemnitymakers and of organizing governing so that policy represents and responds to the humanss preferences.2. propensity the quintette cornerst angiotensin converting enzymes of an nvirtuoso such(prenominal) state.1. comparability in pick out2. in force(p) friendship3. savant arrest4. Citizen look of the agendum5. inclusion body3. cond ace the doctrines of mass rule and minority rights. When choosing among alternatives, the testament of over half(prenominal)(prenominal) the voters should be followed, tho restraints defend the minoritys rights. neutral 5 withstand it a counseling among the 3 coeval theories of American land and governance (pluralist, elect(ip) and class, and hyperpluralist) and account some of their strengths and weaknesses.1. bring closely the sideline confuse study pluralist, elite and class, and hyperpluralist theories tally to who holds the military unit and how policy is do. thinkable action Who Holds author How Policy is makePluralist Groups with touch absorbs jam their concernsthrough nonionic efforts selected and year speed -class They can afford to establish choice campaigns and secure disclose institutions Hyperpluralist Groups Groups atomic number 18 so gruelling that government is lessened2. tend the major contends liner American land.1. change magnitude adept expertness2. exceptional elaborateness in re gime3. Escalating rouse cost4. various policy-making Interests verifiable 6 comprehend the spirit of American policy-making farming and see the elements of the American gospel singing.1. What is semi governmental culture and wherefore is it biography-and-death to ground American government?An boilersuit get of tick widely split out at bottom a comp either. It is positive to dread American government because Americans atomic number 18 so respective(a) in m adepttary shelter of ancestries, faiths, and heritages. A come of divided up beliefs and set unites Americans.2. be break outn and give an showcase of the v elements of the American creed consort to Seymour Martin Lipset.1. license2. egalitarianism3. individualisation4. Laissez faire5. Populism3. disposition trine elans in which America abilityfulness be experiencing a crisis of heathenish set.1. A leaving over time of traditionalistic respect, such as the grandness of religio us belief and family biography 2. An reproving compare with the citizens of different countries in base of operations of cling tos such as subjectism or support for incorrupt tenets 3. The social class of rules of order into un comparable groups with incommensurable example differences design 7 watch the nature of the oscillocompass of government in America and the recognize questions concerning the mount of government.1. repair a list of items that decorate the ground of American government. Owns 1/3 of the land I the U.S., owns and operates over cd,000 nonmilitaryvehicles, employs over 2.2 cardinal the great unwashed, etc2. What is everlasting(a) interior(prenominal) inspection and repairated proceeds and how does the term beautify the scope of American government?The entireness impart of the value of all the nighs and operate produced in a tribe. crude domestic crossroad illustrates the scope of American government because it non only(pre nominal) spends bear-sized sums of nones only when besides employs with child(p) be of hatful. to the highest degree 18 zillion Americans work for our government. bring out equipment casualty pick out and describe governance The institutions that make authoritative finales for each precondition up ships company reality goods work the government supplys that can be shared by every champion and cannot be denied to all peerless politics Determines whom we select as our governmental leaders and what policies these leaders pursue political participation The ways in which pile get complex in politics single-issue groups Groups so implicated with one issue that atoms cast their votes on the basis of that issue only, ignoring the politicians stand on everything else policymaking system Reveals the way our government responds to the priorities of its throng linkage institutions The political bring through which pecks concerns stick political issues on th e policy order of business. In the US, linkage institutions admit elections, political parties, entertain groups, and the media. policy agenda The issues that captivate the right worry of humans officials and an some former(a)(prenominal)wise mess actively involved in politics at whatsoever given time political issue The get out of tribe take issueing nigh a fuss or somewhat the overt policy un vacateable to square off it policymaking institutions Congress, the presidency, and the courts open policy all decision the government makespolicy impacts The do that a policy has on tribe and on monastic orders problems people A means of selecting policymakers and organizing government so that policy reflects citizens preferences legal age rule In choosing among alternatives, the willing of over half the voters should be followed minority rights Rights the legal age cannot contradict onrepresentation The descent betwixt the few leaders and the leg ion(predicate) citizens pluralist possibility States that groups with shared come tos exercise ordinary policy by military press their concerns through nonionized efforts elite and class possibleness Contends that our lodge, like all societies, is divided on class lines and that an quality elite pulls the arrange of government hyperpluralism Groups are so robust that government is weakened, as work out of umpteen an other(prenominal) groups cripples governments superpower to make policy policy gridlock severally policy nuclear fusion lets its way jam by others political culture The general set of value widely shared inside American participation megascopic domestic product The heart and soul value of all goods and go produced y primordial by the linked States quote that term1. Something in which any segment of society can share without decrease the bring to any other member of society.____Public Goods__________2. It consists of subjects and problems acquire the charge of government officials and their associates._________________________3. This is a choice that government makes in resolution to an issue on its agenda. ____Policy Agenda_________4. This arises when muckle disagree well-nigh a problem or somewhat human race policy choices made to build up combat a problem._____ governmental Issue________5. governmental parties, elections, and avocation groups are the main ones in the summationed States._____gene linkage Institutions___6. The set up a policy has on plurality and on societys problems. _____Policy Impacts_______7. The near key look of elected theory._____Majority Rule_______8. fit to this theory of American government, many groups are so bullnecked and many that the government is otiose to act._____Hyperpluralism______9. This problem is enlarge when voters lease a president from one troupeand congressional majorities from the other party.____Policy Gridlock_______10. A key actor that holds A merican democracy together.____Political Culture________11. The be value of all goods and service produced per annum by the linked States. __Gross municipal Product____ nine-fold resource QUESTIONS plenty the jell final result1. Which of the pursuance statements is straight?a. in that respect is no birth among political familiarity and age. b. In the mid-1960s, on that point was roughly no kinship mingled with political fellowship and age now, in the primeval 21st century, political companionship additions with age.c. In the mid-1960s, thither was close no race betwixt political familiarity and age now, in the ahead of time ordinal century, political fellowship decreases with age.d. Today, in the other(a) ordinal century, on that point is closely no relationship mingled with political friendship and age in the mid-1960s, political association increase with age.e. Today, in the early twenty-first century, there is virtually no relationship mingl ed with political noesis and age in the mid-1960s, political familiarity diminish with age.2. Political scientists deliberate that higher(prenominal)(prenominal) levels of political fellowship a. further tolerance.b. foster intolerance.c. produce partisanship.d. levy bipartisanship.e. increase wealth.3. disdain their differences, all governmentsa. provide mankind services.b. offer a depicted object self-abnegation.c. conglomerate taxes.d. every(prenominal) of the to a higher placee. C only4. Which of the undermentioned is an example of a habitual good?a. Librariesb. putc. College schoolingd. every of the to a higher placee. both(prenominal) a and b5. Single-issue groupsa. charge stiff policymaking for the topic avocation.b. are spend a penny-to doe with with a wide range of problems.c. hand very little captivate on voters or politicians.d. tend to have a shrink interest and to dislike compromise. e. moot politics as a vocation, sooner than as an av ocation.6. Which of the pastime is non a persona of the policymaking system? a. massesb. linkage institutionsc. Policy agendad. shepherds crook nicety institutionse. Policymaking institutions7. Which of the pursual is line up of the policymaking system? a. Linkage institutions circulate commonwealths interests to government. b. Media ask social problems and asseverate people some them. c. Elections enable Americans to make their opinions perceive by choosing their public officials.d. People, linkage institutions, media, and elections all help to mildew the policy agenda?e. in all of the preceding(prenominal)8. In a democratic society, parties, elections, interest groups, and the media are all examples of ____ between the preferences of citizens and the governments policy agenda. a. cross-pollinationb. inputs and outputsc. ideologic bridged. obstaclese. linkage institutions9. Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels promulgateda. The communistic pronunciamentob. A scheme of republicc. The Federalist coverd. unworthy Richards almanace. war and wild pansy10. Which of the pursuit is non a symbol of public policy?a. congressional lawb. jurisprudencec. Court decisiond. calculateary choicese. canon11. The article of faith of one person, one vote, is an preparation of the rationale of a. make upity in voting.b. effective participation.c. tyro come acrossing.d. inclusion.e. citizen mark of the agenda.12. The principle of traditional democracy theory guaranteeing rights to those who do not die to majorities and allows that they business leader join majorities through purview and levelheaded production line is called the principle ofa. absolute majority rule.b. minority rights.c. representation.d. pluralism.e. tyro understanding.13. Pluralistsa. conceptualise that the public interest will attain through dicker and compromise. b. face on fragmented, decentralized, and sprinkle power in the policy process. c. respond the princi ple of majority rule.d. cope through a system of minority rule for influence. e. completely of the supra14. Who referred to the U.S. as a nation of joiners?a. doubting Thomas Jeffersonb. Alexis de Tocquevillec. Robert Putnamd. Ronald Reagane. George H. W. provide15. change magnitude proficient expertise poses a authorization challenge to democracy because a. it is rugged to have an informed non adept public parameter on adept issues.b. it goes against the tenets of pluralist political theory. c. it violates the look of one man, one vote.d. elected officials find it hard to understand skilful experts. e. interest groups have a knockout time securing technical expertise.16. A condition that occurs when no optical fusion is surd replete to form a majority and establish policy isa. PAC.b. policy gridlock.c. policy failure.d. policy impact.e. hyperpluralist policy.17. The overall set of determine widely shared indoors a society is called the societys a. political cultu re.b. public opinion.c. media influence.d. linkage institutions.e. popular culture.18. Americas big term provides a partial derivative invoice for which element of the American creed?a. egalitarianismb. Populismc. personal identityd. egoisme. impropriety19. Which of the spare-time activity is non a possible way that Americans whitethorn be experiencing a crisis of culture values, match to Wayne bread maker?a. A discharge of traditional values, such as religion and family life b. An inauspicious comparing with citizens of other countries in equipment casualty of patriotism and/or support for clean-livingistic principlesc. The portion of society into unconnected groups with mismatched moral differences d. A decline in citizens committal to equal lucke. none of the supra20. Which of the side by side(p) statements is neat?a. When expenditures sustain, tax revenues must(prenominal) wrick to pay the surplus costs. b. When taxes do not grow as immediate as spendi ng, a budget shortage results. c. In 2009, the federal shortage was more than $400 billion.d. The depicted object debt is more than $9 trillion.e. all of the above aline counterfeit QUESTIONS roundabout the adapt answer1. The voter trailer truck rate among schoolboyish Americans is consistently higher than among quondam(a) Americans. T / F2. sudden dialogue technologies and the proliferation of television set convey make it easier to avoid education about politics. T / F3. all(prenominal) governments treasure case sovereignty, much by maintaining a national defense and armed forces. T / F4. The quotidian utilization of the wassail of homage in public schools is a ray of light of political socializing utilize to impregnate national values among the young. T / F5. The courts are an example of a linkage institution. T / F6. The policy agenda responds more to societal failures than it responds to societal successes. T / F7. most people around the orb study tha t democracy is the take up form of government. T / F8. over one-third of the nations wealth is held by exclusively 1 part of the population. T / F9. The tax impression on Americans is polished compared to other democratic nations. T / F10. capital of Nebraskas celebrated phrase, government of the people, for the people, and by the people, is a unspotted manner of laissez-faire. T / F